Areican And French Revolution (Revised) Essays -

Areican And French Revolution (Revised) During the late 1700's, two great revolutions occurred, the American Revolution and the French Revolution. These two historical events happened at the same time, but had a great number of differences and very little similarity. When French Revolution occurred, it turned into a very violent and bloody event, while the American Revolution was almost nonviolent, aside from the war. In 1774, King Louis XVI made a decision that could have prevented the French Revolution by breathing new life into the French economy: he appointed Physiocrat Robert Turgot as Controller General of Finance. The Physiocrats were a small band of followers of the French physician Francois Quesnay, whose economic prescriptions included reduced taxes, less regulation, the elimination of government-granted monopolies and internal tolls and tariffs, ideas that found their rallying cry in the famous slogan, laissez-faire, laissez-passer. The Physiocrats exerted a profound influence on Adam Smith, who had spent time in France in the 1760s and whose classic The Wealth of Nations embodied the Physiocratic attack on mercantilism and argued that nations get rich by practicing free trade. Of Smith, Turgot, and the Physiocrats, the great French political leader and author Frederic Bastiat (1801-1850) wrote: The basis of their whole economic system may be truly said to lie in the principle of self-interest. . .. The only function of government according to this doctrine is to protect life, liberty, and property. Embracing the principle of free trade not just as a temporary expedient, but as a philosoph y, Turgot got the king to sign an edict in January 1776 that abolished the monopolies and special privileges of the guilds, corporations, and trading companies. He then dedicated himself to breaking down the internal tariffs within France. By limiting government expense, he was able to cut the budget by 60 million livres and reduce the interest on the national debt from 8.7 million livres to 3 million livres. Had Turgot been allowed to pursue his policies of free trade and less government intervention, France may very well have become Europe's first common market and avoided violent revolution. Unfortunately for France and the cause of freedom, resistance from the Court and special interests proved too powerful, and Turgot was removed from office in 1776. The dismissal of this great man, wrote Voltaire, crushes me. . . . Since that fatal day, I have not followed anything . . . and am waiting patiently for someone to cut our throats. Turgot's successors, following a mercantilist policy of government intervention, only made the French economy worse. In a desperate move to find money in the face of an uproar across the country and to re-establish harmony, Louis XVI agreed to convene the Estates-General for May 1789. Meanwhile, the king's new finance minister, Jacques Necker, a Swiss financial expert, delayed the effects of mercantilism by importing large amounts of grain. On May 5, the Estates-General convened at Versailles. By June 17, the Third Estate had proclaimed itself the National Assembly. Three days later, the delegates took the famous Tennis Court Oath, vowing not to disband until France had a new constitution. However, the real French Revolution began not at Versailles but on the streets of Paris. On July 14, a Parisian mob attacked the old fortress known as the Bastille, liberating, as one pundit put it, two fools, four forgers and a debaucher. The Bastille was no longer being used as a political prison, and Louis XVI had even made plans to destroy it. That made little difference to the mob, which were actually looking for weapons. Promising the guards safe-conduct if they would surrender, the leaders of the mob broke their word and hacked them to death. It would be the first of many broken promises. Soon the heads, torsos, and hands of the Bastille's former guardians were bobbing along the street on pikes. In all, as historian Otto Scott put it, a glorious victory of unarmed citizens over the forces of tyranny, or so the newspapers and history later said. The French Revolution had begun. Despite the bloodshed at the Bastille and the riots in Paris, there was some clear-headed thinking. Mirabeau wanted to keep the Crown but restrain it. We need a

John Bergers way of seeing essays

John Berger's way of seeing essays The ways the image and texts are interpreted are based on interpreters perception, belief, past history and interpretation of events. In John Bergers book, Ways of Seeing, the writer explores the way we view and interpret the art. The message provided by the writer relates to interpretation of the message. In the book (both in text and image) there is a message about the relationship of men and women and presence of their power and position. Berger starts his essay with: "It is seeing which establishes our place in the surrounding world; we explain that world with words, but words can never undo the fact that we are surrounded by it" (Berger, 7). In the very beginning of his essay, Berger implies to his readers that it is actually seeing which develops our thoughts and meanings. Using these thoughts and meanings, we interpret our surrounding with words. This very clearly underlines that we describe what we see and what we make of what we see. John Berger's central insight - that "the way we see things is structured by what we know or what we believe" is an insight into how Berger views and acknowledges the fact that what we interpret an image, text or an event according to our knowledge and believe. Yet the clearest indication of Bergers statement that what we view is based on our perception, is in the first chapter itself where he mentions, "Yet, although every image embodies a way of seeing, our perception or appreciation of an image depends also upon our own way of seeing. (11). One of the most interesting aspects of this work of Berger is the manner in which he underlines the relationship between the men and women. It is worthwhile to discuss the observations and find out what they mean. Chapter 2 and 3 of the book are devoted to the images women and how the presence of Man differs from the women. Men dream of women. Women dream of themselves being dreamt of. ...

Comparitive political systems questions on the government and Essay

Comparitive political systems questions on the government and constitutions of chile - Essay Example tries and four cabinet level agencies that serve exclusively at the presidents discretion.1,2 The president is responsible for maintaining public order, assuring external national security, and serving as commander in chief of the armed forces.3 In addition, the president has the sole authority to appoint Supreme Court judges, Army commanders, and diplomats without the confirmation of the legislature.4 Many of these broad presidential powers were granted by the constitution adopted in 1980.5 The Chilean legislature is a bicameral structure known collectively as the National Congress. It is composed of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, which co-legislate and share oversight responsibilities.6 These branches are noted as the lower and upper house. The Chilean legislature has a committee system that writes legislation and approves bills for voting. In addition, there is an amendment process that allows legislators and sometimes the presidential branch to offer amendments to bills before coming to a vote.7 The National Congress is presided over by the President of the Senate who is elected by the body of senators. In addition to the senators elected by public vote, groups such as former ministers of the Supreme Court, former Comptroller General, former Commanders in Chief of the Army, Navy and Air Force, and former Presidents of the Republic are also represented in the Senate.8 The executive branch may at times act as a legislature with the power to introduce bills, m ake amendments, and submit constitutional amendments.9 Chiles constitution, adopted in 1980, discusses at length the electoral system for the President as well as the National Congress. In addition, it determines the requirements of age and citizenship required to run for office. The Presidency requires that the candidate get an absolute majority of the popular vote, which may require a runoff election if there are more than two candidates.10 The legislature is also elected by direct ballot from

The Department of Defense Better Buying Power Essay

The Department of Defense Better Buying Power - Essay Example d goods, which was aimed at gaining extra value for the American taxpayer by increasing productivity and efficiency in defense spending (Parrish, 2012). The first phase of the BBP planned to cut spending by $487 billion for the entire DOD in ten years, and the lessons learnt since its implementation have been incorporated into creating BBP 2.0, which was initiated in 2013. Since the implementation of the first phase in 2010 and the second in 2013, there are numerous examples of acquisition executives adhering to the BBP initiative. According to Kendall (2014), the initiative has been a qualified success with evidence suggesting that the practices and policies of BBP have taken hold and opportunity for improvement still abounds. BBP refers to DODs plan to use best practices in strengthening its buying power, improving the productivity and efficiency of the department, and to give the war-fighter value-added and affordable military capability. The initiative consists of essential principles of military acquisitions that seek to attain improved efficiency by promoting competition, doing away with bureaucratic and unproductive acquisition processes, and controlling costs. As a result, the DOD expects that the overall outcome of the initiative will be the improvement of tradecraft in service acquisition. While it should also, provide incentives to improve government and military industry innovation and productivity. BBP 2.0 was a further initiative created to improve on BBP 1.0, seeking to build on the DODs commitment towards continually improving their acquisition practices. Some of the plans put into place that show the initiative’s progress include the Defense Acquisition Board’s affordability analysis, which seeks to facilitate decision making on defense investments. For instance, opportunities for smaller entrepreneurs have been given additional focus and attention, while military services are now using cost-estimates as standard practice. Majority of

Satellite Office Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Satellite Office Team - Essay Example On a different perspective, a team is collection of people having a common goal (Salaman, 2000; p. 99). From this perspective, it therefore follows that in teams individuals recognize that in order to attain personal success there is need for collaborative success. In teams, individuals are interdependent and significantly contribute their individual skills that culminate into end success celebrated as a team’s victory and not individual’s victory. The following is a report showing how as the manger of a Satellite Office Team will both organize and lead the staff. Satellite Office Team is a group of individuals, comprising of newly employed persons charged with responsibility of providing cost-control services to a client for a construction project (Mullins & Christy, 2010; p. 209). This Satellite Office Team comprises of eight full-time members, one being the manager, others are Quantity Surveyors, secretariats, and administrative supports. One striking feature with th is new team is that all staff except the manager are new appointments meaning that they have either never worked together as a team or have no idea of what it means to working as a team (Rollinson, 2004; p. 99). This report therefore is a proposal on various steps, directions, and activities applicable in order to enhance team performance. Organising and Leading the Satellite Office Team Notably, the Satellite Office Team requires a vibrant and cohesive manager with capabilities of enhancing team’s cohesiveness and performance. In order to achieve this, such a manager should embark on two major aspects of enhancing team cohesiveness and performance; working environment, and organisational. Leading and organising Satellite Office Team will require effective leadership and management and HR policies and procedures on the side of organisational and nature of tasks, physical setting, and communications on the other side of working environment amongst others (Capon, 2003). The fol lowing discussion describes how each of the aspects of organising and leading a team is applicable by the manager. Leadership and Management Mullins and Christy (2010; p. 373) define leadership as a mutual relationship that exist between a group of persons where one person influences the behaviour, actions, and performance of the other members of a group. In this case, the first concept that the manager should look into in a bid to promoting the actions of the Satellite Office Team is providing leadership (Mullins, 2006). It is true that within contemporary environment the nature of work is changing from the classical emphasis on enhancing performance through close control to a newer environment that looks at accomplishment of tasks through coaching, supporting, and empowering workers (Mullins & Christy, 2010; p. 373). Consequently, leadership role is changing concerning leading and organizing different teams in order to accomplish responsibilities bestowed against such a team. Atta ining set objectives and aims within a team is very essential not only to the team members but also to the leader. There is no doubt that a team is a mirror image of a leader upon which he or she will use to assess his or her capabilities regarding giving effective direction. In any case, group successes and failures are attributable to qualities and

Health Care Of The Elderly

Health Care Of The Elderly Geriatrics is the branch of medicine that focuses on health care of the elderly. This is the study of the aging process itself. The term comes from the Greek geron meaning old man and iatros meaning healer. Geriatrics is the branch of medicine dealing with the aged and the problems of the aging.The field of gerontology includes illness prevention and management, health maintenance,and promotion of the quality of life for the aged. The ongoing increase in the number of elder person.The experiences of aging result from interaction of physical,mental,social and cultural factors. Aging as well as the treatment of the elderly, is often determined the way elder person views the process of aging, as well as the manner in which he or she adapts to growing older. A more heterogeneous elderly population than any generation that preceded it can be expected. The majority of elderly seen in the health care setting have been diagnosed with at least 1 chronic condition. Individuals who in the 1970s would not have survived a debelitating illness, such as cancer or a castastrophic health event leki hearth attack, can now life more period of sometimes with a variety of concurrent debilitating conditions. Although age is most consistent and strongest predictor of risk for cancer and for the death from cancer, a mangement of elder cancer patient becomes complex because the choronic conditions, such as osteoarthritis, diabetes, Aging is a broad concept that includes physical changes in peoples bodies over adult life, psychologic changes in their mind and mental capacities, social pyschologic changes in they think and believe, and social changes in how they are viewed, what they expect, and what is expected of them. Aging is constantly evolving concept. Notions that biologic age is more critical than chronologic age when determing health status of the alderly are valid Aging is an individual and extremely variable process. The functional capacity of major body organs varies with advancing age. As one grows older, environmental and lifestyle factors affet the age-related functional changes in body organs GERIATRICS ASSESSMENT CARE MANAGERS A Care Plan is an outcome of a geriatric assessment, and is essentially an action plan for future care. A Care Plan lists all identified problems, suggests specific interventions or actions required and makes specific recommendations regarding resources needed to provide the necessary support services. What is geriatric assessment? A geriatric assessment is a comprehensive evaluation designed to optimize an older persons ability to enjoy good health, improve their overall quality of life, reduce the need for hospitalization and/or institutionalization, and enable them to live independently for as l ong as possible. An assessment consists of the following steps: An examination of the older persons current status in terms of: Their physical, mental, and psycho-social health Their ability to function well and to independently perform the basic activities of daily living such as dressing, bathing meal preparation, medication management, etc. Their living arrangements, their social network, and their access to support services. An identification of current problems or anticipated future problems in any of these areas. The development of a comprehensive Care Plan which addresses all problems identified, suggests specific interventions or actions required, and makes specific recommendations regarding resources needed to provide the necessary support services. The management of a successful linkage between these resources and the older person and that persons family so that provision of the necessary services is assured. An ongoing monitoring of the extent to which this linkage has, or has not, addressed the problems identified, and the modification of the Care Plan as needed. When is a geriatric assessment needed? A request for a geriatric assessment would be appropriate when there are persistent or intermittent symptoms such as: memory loss, confusion, or other signs of possible dementia. DEMENTIA : Global impairment of intellectual function (cognition) interfering with social and occupational activities. Often, what looks like Alzheimers or dementia can be the result of medication interactions or other medical or psychiatric problems. Because of the thoroughness of the geriatric assessment, it is one of the best ways to determine what the actual problem and cause is or is not. Who performs a geriatric assessment? A geriatric assessment can be done in many different settings such as: a hospital, a nursing home, an outpatient clinic, a physicians office or the patients home. It is an assessment that is comprehensive in scope, involving a complete review of the current status of the older person in all of its complex dimensions, and because it is so comprehensive, it can only be successfully conducted by a multi-disciplinary team of experts. This team might include: physicians, ancillary personnel, social workers, physical and/or occupational therapists, dieticians, psychologists, pharmacists, and geriatric nurse practitioners. You can request a referral for a geriatric assessment from a primary care physician. Also, check with any large hospital or university to see whether they have a geriatric assessment unit. Geriatric care managers A geriatric care manager (GCM) is a professional with specialized knowledge and expertise in senior care issues. Ideally, a GCM holds an advanced degree in gerontology, social work, psychology, nursing, or a related health and human services field. Sometimes called case managers, elder care managers, service coordinators or care coordinators, GCMs are individuals who evaluate your situation, identify solutions, and work with you to design a plan for maximizing your elders independence and well being. Geriatric care management usually involves an in-depth assessment, developing a care plan, arranging for services, and following up or monitoring care. While you arent obligated to implement any part of the suggested care plan, geriatric care managers often suggest potential alternatives you might not have considered, due to their experience and familiarity with community resources. They can also make sure your loved one receives the best possible care and any benefits to which they are entitled. Help provided by geriatric care managers Geriatric care managers facilitate the care selection process for family members who live at a distance from their elderly relatives, as well as for those who live nearby but do not know how to tap into the appropriate local services. You can hire a care manager for a single, specific task, such as helping you find a daily caregiver, or to oversee the entire caregiving process. Geriatric care managers can help families or seniors who are: new to elder care or uncomfortable with elder care decision-making; having difficulty with any aspect of elder care; faced with a sudden decision or major change, such as a health crisis or a change of residence; dealing with a complex situation such as a psychiatric, cognitive, health, legal, or social issue. In addition to helping seniors and their families directly, geriatric care managers can act as your informed connection with a range of other professionals who are part of your elder care network, including any of the following service providers: Attorneys or trust officers. A care manager can serve as both elder advocate and intermediary with financial and legal advisors. The GCM is often a good source of referrals if a family needs services from these professionals. Physicians. The GCM is an ideal liaison between doctors and other health professionals, and the elder patient and family members. Social workers. It is useful for hospital and nursing home social workers and discharge planners to know that their senior patient will have someone to coordinate their care and assist them on a long-term basis. Home care companies. The GCM will know local agencies and be able to explain options, costs, and oversight of home care workers. The care manager can also assist in dealing with patients social issues, help link to other community resources, and suggest possible placement options. Residential facilities. The GCM can help identify types of care facilities and assist you in selecting an appropriate one for your situation. The GCM may also be able to streamline the transition into or out of a senior community, for both the elderly resident, family members and staff. Finding a geriatric care manager In addition to the many References and resources available, a good place to start your search for a geriatric care manager is with your family physician. Other sources for referrals include: local hospitals and health maintenance organizations senior or family service organizations senior centers religious affiliations Medicaid offices private care management companies While geriatric care managers are frequently licensed by the state within their respective fields of expertise, there are no state or national regulations for professional care managers per se. For this reason, anyone can use the title case or care manager. Membership in a professional organization and/or certification in care management are good indicators of appropriate background. The National Association of Professional Geriatric Care Managers recognizes the following designations for a Certified Care Manager: CMC, CCM, C-ASWCM and C-SWCM. Each of these requires testing and continuing education. Geriatrics syndroms Dementia, Delirium, Urinary Incontinence, Osteoporosis, Falls/ Gait Disorders, Decubitus Ulcers, Sleep Disorders, Failure to Thrive Organ specific disease/syndrome Ear, Eye, Cardiovascular, Musculoskeletal, Neurological, Communicable Diseases, Respiratory, Oral, Gastrointestinal, Endocrinological, Sexual Dysfunction and Gynecology, Hematology and Oncology, Kidney/Prostate, Skin Diseases Geriatric psychiatry Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, Personality Disorders, Substance Related Disorders, Memory Disorders (non-dementia) Patient care Geriatric Assessment, Hospitalization, Emergency Medical Services, Surgical Procedures, Long-Term Care, Preventive Health Services, Rehabilitation, Pain Management/ Palliative Care Aging Age Distribution/Demography, Basic Sciences, Pharmacology/ Polypharmacy Patient care of the elderly Tips for working with the eldery patient Take time to edudcate the patient and his or her family. Speak lower and closer treat the patient with dignity and respect.Give the patient time to rest between projections and procedures. Avoid adhesive tape: elderly skin thin and fragile. Provide arm blankets in cold examination rooms. Use table pads and hand nails. Always access the patients medical history before contrast media is administered. Patient and family education Educating all patient, especially the elderly ones, about imaging procedures is crucial to obtain their confindence abd compliance. More time with elderly patient may be necessary to accommodate their decreased ability is rapidly process information. The majority of elderly have been diagnosed with at least one chronic illness.They typically arrive at the clinical imaging environment with the natural anxiety because they are like to have lilttle knowledge of the procedure or highly technical modalities employed for their procedure. Moreover, a fear concerning consequences resulting from the examination exacerbates their increased level of anxiety. Taking time to educate patient and their family or signification caregivers in their support system about the procedures makes of a less stressfull experiences and improved patient compliances and satisfaction. Communication Good communication and listening skills create a connection between the radiographer and his or her patient. Older people are unique and should be treated with dignity and respects. Each elderly person is a wealth of cultural and historical knowledge that is turn becomes a learning experiences for the radiographer. If it is a evident that the patient cannot hear or understand the verbal directions. It is appropriate to speak lower and closer. Background noise can be disrupting to an older person and should be eliminated of possible when giving precise instructions. Giving instruction individual gives the elder person time to process a request. An empathetic, warm attitude and approach to the geriatric patient will result in a trusting and compliant patient. Transportation and lifting Balance and coordination of the elderly patient can be affected by normal aging changes. Their anxiety about falling can be diminished by assistance in out of a wheelchair and to and from the examination table. Many elderly patient have decreased height perception resulting from some degree of vision impairment. Hesitition of the elderly person may be due to previous falls. Assiting an older patient when there is need to step up or down throughout the procedure is more than a reassuring gesture. Preventing opportunities for falls is a necessity for the radiographer. The elderly patient will often experiences vertigo and dizziness when going from a recumbent postion to a sitting position. Giving the patient time to test between position will mitigate these disturbing, frightening, and uncomfortable sensations. The use of table handgrips and proper assistance from the radiographer creates a sense of security for the elderly patient. A sense of security will result in a compliant and tr usting patient throughtout the imaging procedure. Skin care Acute age-related changes in the skin will cause it to become thin and fragile.The skin becomes more susceptible to bruising, tears, abrasion, and blisters. All health care professional should use caution in turning and holding the elderly patient.Excessive pressure on the skin will cause it to break and tear .Adhesive tape should be avoided because it can be irritating and can easily tear the skin of an older person. The loss of fat and makes it painfull for the elder patient to lie in a hard surface and can increase the possibility developing ulceration. Decubitus ulcers, or pressure sores, are commonly seen in bedridden people or those will decreased mobality.Bony areas such as the heels, angkle, elbow and the lateral hips are frequent side for pressure sores. A decubitus ulcer can develop in 1 to 2 hours. Almost with out exception, table use for imaging procedures are hard surface and cannot be avoided.However the use of table pad can reduce the friction between the hard surface of the table and the patient fragile skin. Sponges,Blankets and the positioning aids will make the procedures much more bearable and comfortable for the elderly patient.Because skin plays a critiscal role in maintaining body temperature, the increasingly thinning process associated with aging skin renders the patient less able to retain normal body heat. Thus the regulation of body temperature of the elderly person varies from that to a younger person. To prevent hypotamia in room where the ambient ier temperature is comfortable for the radiographer, it may be essential to provide blankets for the elderly patient. Contrast administration Because of age related changes in kidney and liver function, only the amount, the type of contrast media is varied when performing radiographic procedures on the elderly patient. The number of functioning nephrons in the kidneys steadily decreases from middle the throughout the life span. Compromised kidney function contributes to the elderly patient being more prone to electrolcyte and fluid imbalance. This can create life-threatening consequences. They are also more suspectible to the effect of dehydration because of diabetes and decreased renal or adrenal function. The decision if type and amount of contrat media used for the geriatric patient usually follow some sprt of routine protocol. Assessment for contrast agent administration accomplished by the imaging technologist must include age and history of liver, kidney or thyroid disease; history of hypersensitivity reactions and previous reaction to medications or contrast agent ; sensitivity to asprin; over the-counter and prescription drug history including acetotaminophen (Tylenol); and history of hypertension. The imaging technologist must be selective in locating an appropriate vein for contrast administration on the elderly patient. They should consider the location and condition of the vein, decrease intergrity of the skin, and the duration of the theraphy.Thin superficial veins, repeatedly used veins,and veins located area where the skin is bruised or scarred should be avoided. Assess the patient for any swallowing impairments, which could lead to difficulties with drinking liquid contrast agents. The patient should be instructed to drink slowly to avoid choking, and an upright position will help prevent aspiration. The Radiographers Role The role of radiographers is no different than that of all other health professionals.The whole person must be treated, not just the manifested symptoms of an illness or injury. Medical imaging and therapeutic procedures reflect the impact of ongoing systemic aging in documentable and visual forms. Adapting procedures to accommodate disablilities and diseases of geriatric patient is a critical responsibility and a challenge based almost exclusively on the radiographers knowledge, abilities and skills. An understanding of the physiology and pathlogy of aging, in addition to an awareness of the social, physiologic, congnitive and economic aspects of aging, are required to meet the need of elderly population. Condition typically associated with elderly patient invariably requires adaptations or modifications of routine imaging procedures. The radiographers must be able to differentiate between age-related changes and disease processes. Production of diagnostic images requiring professio nal decision making to compensate for physiologic changes, while maintaining the campliances,safety and comfort of the patient, is the foundation of the contract between the elderly patient and the radiographers. Radiographic positioning for geriatric patient The preceding discussion and understanding of the physical,cognitive,and physchology effect on aging can help radiographers adapt the positioning challenges of the geriatric patient.In some cases routine examination need to be modified to accommodate the limitation,safety and comfort of the patient.Communicating clear instruction with the patient is important.The following discussion addresses positioning suggestion for various structures. Chest The positioning of choice of the chest radiography is the upright positions, however the elderly patient may not able to stand without assistance for this examination. The tradisional posterioranterior (PA) position as to have the back of hand on hips. This may difficult for someone with ampaired balanced and flexiblelity. The radiographer can allow the patient to wrap his or her arm around the chest stand as a means of support and security. The patient may not able to maintain his or her arms over the head for the lateral projection of the chest.Provide extra security and stability while moving the arms up and forward. When the patient cannot stand, the examination may be done seated in whellchair, but some issue will be effect the radiographic quality. First the radiologist need to be aware that the radiograph is an anterior-posterior (AP) instead of a PA projection, which may make obscure the lung bases, in a sitting position, respiration may be instructed on the importance of a deep inspiration. Positioning of the image receptor for the kyphotic patient should be higher than normal because the shoulder and apices are in a higher position. Radiographic landmark may change with age and the centering may need to be lower if the patient is extremely kyphotic. When positioning the patient for the sitting lateral chest projection.The radiographer should place large sponge behind the patient to lean hind or her forward. CHEST (Portable) Exam Rationale: Cassette size: 35ÃÆ'-43cm Non-grid 72 kVp, 6 mAs AP projection (upright or supine) Spine Radiographic spine examination may be painful for the patient suffering from osteoporosis that is lying on the bucky table. Positioning aids such as radiolucent, sponges, sandbags, and a mattress may be used as long as the quality of the images is not compromised. Performing upright radiographic examination may also be appropriate if a patient can safety tolerate this position. Performing upright radiographic examination may also be appropriate if a patient can safely tolerate this position. The combination of cervical lardosis and thoracic kyphosis can make positioning and visualization of the cervical projection can be done with the patient standing, sitting, or lying supine. The AP projection in the sitting position may not visualize the upper cervical vertebrae because the chin may abscure this anatomy. In the supine position the head may not reach the table and result in magnification. The AP and openmouth projection are difficult to do on a wheelchair. The thoracic and lumbar spines are sites for compression fractures. The use of positioning blocks may be necessary ho help the patient remain in position. For the lateral projection, a lead bloker or shield behind the spine should be used to absorb as much scatter radiation as possible. Pelvis/Hip Osteoarthiritis, osteoprosis and injuries as the result of falls contribute to hip pathologies. A common fracture in the elderly is the femoral neck. An AP projection of the pelvis should be done to examine the hip. If the indication is trauma, the radiographers should not attempt to rotate the limbs. The second view taken should be cross-table lateral of the effected hip. If hip pain is the indication, assist the patient to internal rotation of the legs with use of sandbags if necessary. Upper Extremity Positioning the geriatric patient for projection of the upper extremities can present its own challenges. Often the upper extremities have limited flexiblelity and mobality. A cerebrovascular accident or stroke may cause contractures of the affected limb, Contractures of the affected limb, Contracted limbs cannot be forced into position, and cross-table views may need to be done. The inability of the patient to move his or her limbs should not be interpreted os a lack of cooperation. Supinated is often a problems in patient with constructures, fracture and paralysis. The routine AP and lateral projections can be supported with the use of sponges, sanbags, and blocks to raise and support the extremities being image. The shoulder is also a site of decreased mobality, dislocation, and fratures.The therapist should assess how much movement before the patient can do before attempting to move the arm. The use of finger sponges may also help with the contractures if the finger. Lower extremity The lower extremities may have limited flexibility and mobality. The ability to dorsiflex the ankle may be reduced as a result of neurologi disorder. Imaging on the x-ray table may need to be modified when a patient cannot turn on his or her side. Flexion of the knee may be impaired and require a cross-table lateral projection. If a tangential projection of the pattela, such as the settegast method, is necessary and the patient can turn on his or her side, place the image receptor superior to the knee and direct the central ray perpendicular throught the pattela-femoral joint. Projection of the feet and ankles may be obtained with the patient sititng in the whellchair. The use of positioning sponges and sanbags support and maintain the position of the body part being imaged. Technical Factors. Exposure factors also need to be taken into considerarion when image the geriatric patient. The loss of bone mass, as well as atrophy of tissue, often requires a lower kilovoltage (kVp) to maintain sufficient contrast. kVp also a factor in chest radiographs when there may be a large heart and pleural fluid to penetrate. Patient with emphysema require a reduction in technical factors to prevent overexpose of the lungs fields. Patient assessment can help with the appropriate exposure adjustment. Time may also be a major factor. Geriatric patient may have problems maintaining the positions necessary for the examinations. A short exposure time will help reduce any voluntary and involuntarymotion and breathing. Ensure that the geriatric patient clearly hears and understands the breathing instructions. Conclusion The imaging professional will continue to see a changes in the health care delivery system with the dramatic shift in the population of person older than age 65. This shift in the general population is resulting in an ongoing increase in the number of medical imaging procedures performed on elderly patient. Demographic and social effect on aging determine the way which the eldely adapt to and view the process of aging. An individuals family size and perceptions of aging, economic resources, gender, race, athnicity, social class, and the availability and delivery of health care will affect the quality of the aging experiences. Biological age will be much more critical than chronologic aging when determining the health status of the elderly. Healthier lifestyles and advancement in medical treatment will create a generation of successfully aging adults, which in turn should decrease the negative stereotypes of the elderly person. Attitude of all health care professionals, whether positi ve or negative, will affect the care provided to the growing elderly population. Education about the mental and physiologic alteration associated with aging, along with the cultural, economic, and social influences accompanying aging, enables the radiographers to adapt imaging and therapeutic procedures to the elderly patients disablities resulting from age-related changes. The human body undergoes a multiplicity of physiologic changes and failure in all organ systems.the aging experiences is affected by heredity, lifestyle, choices, physical health, and attitude making it highly individualized. No individuals agign process is predictable and is never exactly the same as that of any other individuals. Radiologic technologist must use their knowledge.abilities and skills to adjust imaging procedures to accommodate for disabilities and disease encountered with geriatric patients. Safety and comfort of the patient is essential in maintaining compliances throughtout imaging procedures. Implementation of skills such as communication, listening, sensitivity, and empathy, all lead patient compliances. Knowledges of age-related changes and disease process will anchance the radiographers ability to provided diagnostic imformation and treatment when providing care that meets the needs if tge increasing elderly patient population. GERIATRICS

The Late Middle Ages Essay -- History, The Dark Ages

The Middle Ages, often referred to as the Dark Ages, was regarded to be a time of despair, disease, and death. Just as the name the â€Å"Dark Ages† suggests, this period of European history seemed to be surrounded by darkness and hopelessness. Unfortunately, the majority of people only see this side of the Middle Ages when, in fact, the Middle Ages was a much more important era. Especially during the late Middle Ages, one can find a change in orthodox social structure, political instability mostly concerned with succession to the throne, and economic changes and how those changes went hand in hand with the change in society. After certain demographical changes and turning points such as the Hundred Years’ War, Europe began to transform drastically thus threatening traditional Europe. Therefore, unlike popular belief, the late Middle Ages was a time when absolute monarchy began to die and when social structure seemed to be flipping upside down due to drastic changes in economic practices. Politics in the late Middle Ages is best described as instable due to competition for succession and power. The most significant event during this time period was the Hundred Years’ War, basically a territorial conflict and competition for succession between the king of England and the king of France after the Capetian monarchy crumbled. (Spielvogel 281) After the Hundred Years’ War, Europe was put under a period of adversity in terms of their political stability. In England, â€Å"Parliament increased in prominence† and even the king came to â€Å"rely on Parliament to levy new taxes.† (Spielvogel 285) The English monarch no longer had absolute power; he had a â€Å"commitment to levy no direct tax without Parliament’s consent.† (Spielvogel 285) In France, absolu... ...came ever so popular during the Renaissance period. Although many people regard the Middle Ages only as a period in history when time seemed to stop and all advancements seemed to be put on hold, it proves to be a vital piece of European history. Results from the Hundred Years’ War and other territorial or succession disputes crumbled centralized monarchy and gave birth to political administrations that can be seen present day, such as the Parliament. Additionally, the Black Death brought shortage of population and labor thus allowing peasants to grow in value and lords to fall in importance. Economical patterns began to change direction and encouraged the peasants to continue climbing up the social ladder as lords no longer had the power to do whatever they pleased. Accordingly so, the late Middle Ages proved itself to be a turning point towards modern Europe.

Public displays of Affection essay Essay

Is public displays a creative way of expressing young youths expressions of the world? Through this project I am investigation the meanings behind public displays whether it is right or wrong. There are many opinions that places public displays in a negative way, which many people would believe that it is way of damaging public properties. However Public displays brings a variety of meanings in a way of introducing colours that changes the mood of someone perception of the world. Colours that are used in public displays, in other words graffiti inspires many young street artists to overcome their fear and be spontaneous with their public views. I have chosen this particular topic because I want to discover the truth behind graffiti and why people have chosen to express their feelings through art instead of speaking out their minds. This is interesting as graffiti is a reflection on the relationship between art and society as society has the ability to change the boundaries and walls which defines what is art. Many people should start accepting that graffiti is art as it is a way of exploring different expressions through individuals. As being a young youth myself, I have begun my research by taking photos of street art in London and explored different colours and shapes. Whilst taking photos of public displays, I was inspired at each design as it brought out much interpretation both positive and negative of their views on society. This led me to take photos on young youth at my own school and display them as a way of showing how young youth behave in today`s society. During the start of my project, I have looked at many street artists and the one that inspired me the most is Banksy. Banksy explores a variety of shapes and meanings and expresses his political view in an artistic and creative way. What makes Banksy so different than other street artist is that he combines dark humour with graffiti and this is done in a distinctive stencilling technique. Through this project I would like to follow Banksy technique and combine it with my own work. By the end of the project, I would want to find out the meaning behind the public displays and the problems that many youth individuals face which are presented through street art.

Daisy Miller, Huck Finn, TS Eliosts Wasteland essays

Daisy Miller, Huck Finn, TS Eliost's Wasteland essays In The Waste Land Eliot suggests that a man can be reborn if he gives, sympathizes, and has self-control. There are many characters within American Literature that could have benefited from this advice. Characters such as Amanda Wingfield , the personas in Home Burial, and Daisy Miller exemplify people, that if this advice was readily accessible, could have understood circumstances and could have been figuratively been reborn. In the previously noted characters lives, they let either society or their own regression take over instead of their own self-assurance and capabilities to empathize with others. By taking the advice with a grain of salt they would have been more prepared for the situations that made their lives tumultuous. However there are characters in literature that are the personification of this advice. The character Huck Finn is the personification that by giving, sympathizing, and demonstrating self-control one may be reborn. By his abilities to do all of the previ ously mentioned actions he went through an initiation story of him growing into a kind and capable man. Amanda Wingfield, the personas within Home Burial, and Daisy Miller are the antithesis of the above advice, while Huck Finn is its exemplification. By learning to give, sympathize, and demonstrate self-control, the characters afore mentioned would have, or have already, furthered their actions and outcomes greatly. Amanda Wingfield, a deserted wife and the mother of Laura and Tom, is the protagonist of the play The Glass Menagerie. She is to be pitied, for she lives in a world of dreams and illusions. She has preconceived ideas about what is right for her son and daughter and tries to make her dreams for them come true; she wants Tom and Laura to bring her the happiness that her husband failed to give her. She does this by not giving her daughter the sympathy needed to nurture Laura with her handicap, by r...

Relationship Between Spring Constant and Horizonta Essays - Physics

Relationship Between Spring Constant and Horizonta Essays - Physics Relationship Between Spring Constant and Horizontal Displacement Introduction: The crossbow is believed to have originated from China and Europe in approximately 6th to 5th century BC. According to evidence found by today's archaeologists, the common usage for a crossbow was for military purposes in China during the Warring States Period. However the crossbow is no longer used in modern warfare, it is now instead used for hunting purposes. At my grandfather's house he own a crossbow which uses to hunt. Every summer I go to his house and we hunt for deer. As I grew older i had started to become more curious in the functionality of a crossbow, the elastic that draws the marble back in order to fire it to be more specific. I wanted to better understand the relationship between the spring constant ( k ) and the distance an object will go after getting hit with a a force . As a result of my curiosity as a child i decided to investigate this relationship between the distance a block will go off of a table (the height of the table will be referred to as h ) in the horizontal axis ( d ) after getting hit by a certain magnitude of force. I investigated this relationship by first building a crude version of a crossbow with hooks that will allow me to change the drawback elastic. T he crossbow is an instrument which utilizes elastic force (will be referred to as F e ) in order to launch a projectile off the launch track and through momentum and impulse, the marble will hit a block and launch it into projectile motion. The schematics of the crossbow made by Leonardo Da Vinci are shown in figure 1. Figure 1 : Crossbow schematics made by Leonardo Da Vinci After the block has been launched off the track and into projectile motion the block will land a certain amount of distance from the starting position (the table). The objective of the experiment is to determine the relationship between the spring constant of an elastic and the final displacement of a solid object after undergoing projectile motion due to the transfer of momentum in an elastic collision. The assumption that can be made in this experiment are that the force of friction caused by the track can be ignored due to a low friction material being used to build the track of the crossbow. The assumption that air resistance is negligible can also be made due to the experiment being tested indoors, therefore there will be no wind blowing. As a result of my assumptions made an equation for the displacement in the horizontal axis for the block can be made. Even though these assumptions have been made, some allowing us to ignore some variables, there are still others va riables that can affect the results in precision and accuracy of this lab. Before the variables are discussed, the system has to be know before. The system has been to picked to include only the marble and the blood of wood so that in both the conservation momentum and conservation of energy is there impulse or work because all energy and momentum was conserved inside the system, therefore there is no need to go looking. Independent Variable: The independent variable is the spring constant. The springs constant is changed to observe the relationship between the spring constant and the displacement of the dependant Variable which is a wooden block. Dependant Variable: The dependant variable in this investigation is the displacement of a solid wooden block after receiving a transfer of momentum and undergoing projectile motion. Control Variables: In order to see the relationship between the independent variable and dependant variable all other variables present in the investigation must remain constant in order to assure that the most precise and accurate results will produced through the experimentation. Masses Mass of Marble The mass of the marble is kept constant so that when there is the momentum transfer only the velocity ( v ) will vary. The velocity will vary because much like the displacement of the wooden block, it is also dependant on the spring constant Mass of wooden block The mass

FINANCIAL INFORMATION COURSEWORK ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FINANCIAL INFORMATION ASSIGNMENT - Coursework Example nancial statements as it provides reliance upon the business which is conducted by the company during the year and the user of the financial statement, which can be a shareholder, lender, prospective investor or even employee of the company, can place faith in the fair statement of the affairs presented in it. The ratios of the company, that summarize the performance of the company during the year and previous year, are provided and an in-depth analysis over the results based on the calculated ratios is carried out. The company has maintained its ratio of profitability since the last year as the company had a gross profit and net profit margin of 7.76% and 3.96% last year respectively which was increased marginally to 8.1% and 4.1% respectively. This shows that the company is showing a good bit of increase in its already good profitability. The liquidity management of the company is in good health if we consider the particular industry to which the company belongs to as the retail business sector operates with low liquidity. The company has maintained a current ratio of around 0.75 in both the years. The gearing ratio is quite satisfactory as the company has managed to keep the gearing debt to equity ratio below the standard 1 which indicates that the company is more dependent on equity finance as compared to debt finance which is a good sign for any company. The share price of the company at the end of the current financial year was  £4.2 per share while the share price at the end of the 2009 financial year was  £3.33 per share. Therefore the increase in the share price since then is over 20%. The return on Equity has declined marginally in the year 2010 as compared to 2009 even though the profit margin of the company has increased. The main cause of the decline is the decline in the Assets leverage. The assets of the company have increased but not in the same proportion as compared to last year. If the Return on Equity is calculated by ignoring the equity

Bad habits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bad habits - Essay Example This is what I am learning right now in my current relationship. I have developed a bad habit that is so shocking I am hesitant to write about it here. It began several months ago and this habit is starting to make me think I might actually have some sort of obsession or addiction. My bad habit is sneaking peeks in my boyfriend’s phone. I’m sure that you are thinking that this really isn’t such a big deal and that I shouldn’t feel so bad about it. But the fact is I do feel badly, and I think you will understand why once you see how this one bad habit is starting to take over my life. I have been with my current boyfriend for nearly a year and I love his company. We always have such a good time and he is so incredibly hot. I can’t believe how gorgeous this guy is some times. I know that I am attractive, but my boyfriend could be a model. I had to get used to the fact that everywhere we went, other girls were going to be checking him out. He is very p opular, so we can’t go anywhere without him running into old girlfriends or girls that would love to be his current girlfriend instead of me. At first I thought all of this was very flattering. I had the guy that lots of other girls wanted. But after a while, I started to feel insecure. That is when the trouble began. The first time I looked into his phone is still very bright in my memory. He had forgotten the phone at my place after visiting one afternoon. I couldn’t resist. I picked up the phone three or four times before opening it up. At first I was curious. I just started to look through his photos. I was glad to see that he had a picture of me on his screen and that I was featured in more of his galleries than any other girl. But then I noticed that there was a blonde girl that was in almost as many photos as me. I didn’t recognize her and he never described her to me. I immediately grew suspicious and jealous. I simply had to check his messages. I snoope d through his messages but didn’t find any clues about the blonde girl. I didn’t find any evidence that he was cheating. I was relieved, but also angry because I didn’t know whom the blonde girl was. He came to pick up the phone and I didn’t let on that I had snooped. Now all I can think about is finding out who this blonde girl is that my boyfriend has in his phone. I have tried to find out about her by bringing up the blonde friend without letting on that I saw her in his phone. So far he hasn’t given me any clues. I am concerned because this bad habit is starting to negatively affect my life in two ways. The first way it is affecting my life is my boyfriend and I seem to be fighting all of the time now. He is constantly asking me what is wrong and I can’t tell him because he will know I snooped in his phone. The sad fact is that since my first peek, I have gone through his phone at least a dozen times. I just can’t stop until I fin d out who this mystery girl is. The second way this is affecting my life is I have started doing this with all of my girlfriends. I have been showing them how to find out things about their boyfriends by snooping in their phones. I have actually gone out with some of these friends and staked out their boyfriend’s house so they can tell if he is cheating or not. I can’